9th Biology Chapter # 8 All Punjab Board Papers | 5 Years old Board Papers Short questions | Repeated Short questions in all Board Papers

 CHAPTER No. 8

 

1.                 What is difference between nutrition and nutrients?/ Define Nutrition.

Ans:     Nutrition: - The process in which food is obtained prepared, absorbed and

Converted into body substances for growth and energy is called nutrition.

Nutrients:  Nutrients are the elements and compound that an organism obtained and uses for energy or for the synthesis of new material called nutrients.

2.                 Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotroph./  What is autotroph? Give an example.  

Ans:     Autotrophs are plants or organisms prepare their own food. Example plants.  Heterotrophs are organisms which does not prepare their own food and get food from other. E.g. human, fungi.

3.                 Differentiate between Macronutrients and Micronutrients./ What are micronutrients? Give an example/ What are macronutrients? Give an example.                                                                                 

Ans:     The nutrients which are required in large quantities are called macro nutrients e.g. hydrogen. The nutrients which are required in small quantities called micro nutrients e.g. iron etc.

4.                 Describe the role of chlorine and nickel in plants?                    

Ans:     Chlorine:  is involved in the osmosis of water.

            Nickel: is required in a nitrogen metabolism.

5.                 Describe the role of iron and boron in plants' life.

Ans:     Iron:  Necessary for photosynthesis, activates many enzymes.

            Boron:  Important in sugar transport, cell division and synthesizing certain enzymes.

6.                 What are fertilizers and how many groups they have?

Ans:     Fertilizers: Certain material which are added to soil resulted in plant with desirable characteristics e.g. more fruit, faster growth, more attractive flowers are produced such materials are called fertilizers. Fertilizers are classified into two groups.

1-                 Organic Fertilizers                 2-         Inorganic Fertilizers.

7.                 What is the role of nitrogen and magnesium in the life of plants?/ Describe the role of Magnesium in plants.

Ans:     Role of Nitrogen:  Plants get nitrogen in the form of nitrates. Nitrogen is a major component of protein, chlorophyll, vitamins and enzymes. Nitrogen metabolism in stem and leaf growth.

Role of Magnesium:   Magnesium is a structural component of chlorophyll. It is also necessary for the functioning of plant enzymes to produce carbohydrates and fats. It is used for fruits and nut formation and essential for germination of seed. 

8.                 Write the role of Calcium and Potassium in Plants Life.

Ans:     Calcium: It activates enzymes. It is a structural component of cell wall, influences water movement in cell.

            Potassium:  It regulates the opening and closing of stomata, reduce water loss from leaves.

9.                 What are organic fertilizers and how are they obtained and give example.

Ans:     Organic fertilizers are derived from plant and animals material. They are more complex and take time to be broken down into forms usable by plants. Manure and compost are used as organic fertilizers. They can also increase soil drainage, aeration and the ability of the soil to hold nutrients.

10.             Which are inorganic fertilizers?                             

Ans:     The inorganic fertilizers dissolve readily in water and are immediately absorbed by plants for uptake. These are not chemically modified.

11.             Differentiate between organic and inorganic fertilizers.          

Ans:    

Organic fertilizer	Inorganic fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are derived from plants and animals.	Naturally occurring fertilizers include rock fertilizers, elemental sulfur and gypsum.
They are more complex and take time to be broken down into forms usable by plants.	These are not chemically modified.
Manure and compost are used as organic fertilizers.	If nitrogen is the main element they are called nitrogen fertilizer.
They can increase soil drainage,  aeration and soil ability to hold nutrients.	The dissolve readily in water and are immediately available to plants for uptake.

12.             What is eutrophication? What is its effect on earth?/ Define Eutrophication.

Ans:     Eutrophication is defined as increase in chemical nutrient in an ecosystem. The extra amount of chemical nutrients may cause of increase the soil acidity.

13.             What do you meant by carbohydrates, which is the simplest carbohydrate?

Ans:     These are the basic source of energy for all animals. Glucose in the simplest carbohydrates.

14.             Why carbohydrates are important for man.

Ans:     Carbohydrates are important for human because it is most common source of energy.

15.             Write down the sources of carbohydrates.

Ans:    1- Bread          2- Pastas        3- Beans         4- Potatoes    5- Bran           

6- Rice

16.             What are the products if lipids are oxidized?

Ans:     The products are fatty acid and glycerol.

17.             What is the function of lipids in body and what are their sources?    

Ans:    Lipids play many roles in bodies. They are used to form membranes, the sheaths surrounding neurons and certain hormones. Lipids are also extremely useful energy source. One gram of lipid contains 9 kilo calories of energy.

Important sources of lipids include milk, butter, cheese, eggs, mutton, fish, mustard seeds, coconut and dry fruit etc.

18.             What are lipids? Write names of its two types?

Ans:     The lipids present in food are composed of fatty acids and glycerol.

Types: i- Saturated Fatty Acids       ii- Unsaturated Fatty Acids

19.             What are the health risks if we take more saturated fatty acids in our diet?

Ans:   Saturated fatty acids can increase a person’s cholesterol level. An increased cholesterol level may eventually result in clogging of arteries and heart diseases.

20.             Differentiate between Saturated and Unsaturated spoil Fatty Acid. Give one example.  / Define saturated fatty acid with an example.                             

Saturated Fatty Acids	Unsaturated Fatty Acids
These have all of their C-atoms bonded to H-atoms	These have some of their C-atoms bonded to H-atoms
These solid at room temperature e.g,Butter contains 70% saturated fatty acid.	These are liquids at room temperature e.g, Butter contains 30% unsaturated fatty acids.

21.             What are the sources of lipids?

Ans:    1- Milk            2- Butter                     3- Cheese                   4- Eggs            5- Mutton     

6- Fish             7- Mustard seeds      8- Coconut                 9- Dry fruits.

22.             What is protein and from where we get it?

Ans:     Proteins are essential components of cytoplasm, membranes and organelles. They are composed of amino acid. Proteins are also the major components of muscles, ligaments and tendons. So, we use protein for growth. One gram of proteins contains 04 kilocalories of energy. Dietary sources of proteins are meat, eggs, grains and dairy product such as meat and milk.

23.             Describe any four sources of Proteins./ Write down dietary sources of proteins.

Ans:     Meat, eggs, grains, legumes.

24.             How protein formed and what is its function in the body?

Ans:     (i)         Proteins are composed of amino acids.

            (ii)        They play a role as enzymes.

(i)                 They can be used for gaining energy.

(ii)               We use protein for growth.

25.             What are minerals and from where we get them?

Ans:     Minerals: - There are the substances which are required for various activities and structures. Mineral are the inorganic elements that originate in the earth and cannot be made in body.  Most of the minerals in human diet are obtained directly from plants and water or indirectly from animal foods.

26.             Differentiate between major minerals and trace minerals.     

Major Minerals	Trace Minerals
These are required in the amounts of 100 mg or more per day.	These are required in amounts less than 100 mg per day.

27.             What is the role of sodium in human diet?

Ans:    1- Sodium maintains fluid balance in the body

            2- It helps in absorption of other nutrients.

28.             What is the role of iron in human body?                         

Ans:     Role of Iron:

1-         Oxygen transport and storage.

2-         Component of Haemoglobin in RBCs and Myoglobin in muscle cells.

3-         Cellular energy production also require iron.

4-         It acts as co-factor for many enzyme of cellular respiration.

5-         Iron support immune functions.

29.             Describe one role of calcium and iron in the human body.  

Ans:     Calcium:  It is essential for the development and maintenance of bones and teeth.

Iron:  It plays a major role in oxygen transport and storage.

30.             Write two functions of fluoride?

Ans:    1- Fluoride stabilizes bone mineral.

            2- It hardens tooth enamel.

31.             Write Role of Calcium and Fluoride In Human Body?

Ans:     Calcium activates enzyme and it is also needed for maintaining cell membranes and connective tissues and for activation of several enzymes.

Fluoride stabilizes bone mineral and hardens the tooth enamel.

32.             Write the role of phosphorus and zinc in plants.

Ans:     Phosphorus: Component of ATP, nucleic acids and coenzymes, necessary for seed germination, photosynthesis, protein formation etc.

Zinc: Required in large number of enzymes.

33.               What is the role of Iron and zinc in human diet?

Ans:     Role of Iron:   Iron plays major role in oxygen transport and storage. It is component of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells. Cellular energy production also requires iron. It also acts as a cofactor in many enzymes of cellular respiration. It supports immune system.

Role of Zinc:   Zinc aids in insulin action. It also helps in growth and reproduction. It acts as a cofactor. It also supports the immune system.

34.             What is the role of calcium in human body?                  

Ans:     It is essential for the development and maintenance of bones and teeth. It is

            also needed for the maintenance of cell membranes and connective tissues and for the activation of several enzymes.

35.             Which diseases are caused due to the deficiency of calcium in human beings.

Ans:  Deficiency of calcium causes spontaneous discharge of nerve impulse which may result in tetany, bones also become soft, blood clots slowly and wounds heal slowly.

36.             What do you mean by vitamin? Write the name of its types./ Write down the name of fat soluble vitamins.                                             

Ans:     Vitamins are the chemical compounds that are required in low amounts but are essential for normal growth and metabolism.

            Types:   Fat- Soluble vitamin (A,D,E and K) Water-Soluble vitamin (B and C)

37.             What are water soluble vitamins? Give two examples.

Ans:     The vitamins which are dissolved into the water are called water soluble vitamins e.g, vitamins B and vitamin C.

38.             How the deficiency of vitamin A causes blindness?

Ans:     When vitamin A is inadequate, the lack of rhodopsin makes it difficult to see in dim light. If it is left untreated it can cause blindness.

39.             Write down the four sources of vitamin A.

Ans:     Sources of vitamin A.

            Leafy vegetable (spinach, carrots)

            Yellow fruits

            Fish liver

            Egg, milk, butter

40.             What is the function of vitamin C in body?                                 

Ans:     Vitamins C in white blood cells enables the immune sytem to function properly. It is needed to form the collagen (a fibrous protein) that gives strength to connective tissues.

41.             Write down the sources of Vitamin C and which are deficiency symptoms of it?

Ans:     We get vitamin C from citrus fruits (e.g, organs, lemons and graph fruit). Leafly green vegetables, liver etc. Its deficiency causes disease.  i.e. scurvy . symptoms of scurvy include muscle and joint pain, swollen and bleeding gums, dry skin etc. 

42.             What is scurvy? Write down its symptoms?/ Describe deficiency of vitamin C.

Ans:     Scurvy is a disease due to lack of vitamin C. In this condition synthesize collagen is unstable. Symptoms of scurvy includes muscle and joint point, slow wounds healing.

43.             What is the function of vitamin D?                                               

Ans:     The best known function of vitamins D is to help regulate the blood levels of calcium and phosphorous. It increases the absorption of these minerals from intestine and their deposition on bones.

44.             Enlist four sources of Vitamin D.               

Ans:     Sources of vitamin D:

            Fish liver oil, milk, ghee (butter), synthesized by skin.

45.             Write Sources and Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D?           

Ans:     Sources of vitamin D:Fish liver oil, Milk, ghee and butter, synthesized by skin.

            Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D: Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults.

46.             Write two diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamin "D"

Ans:     i- Rickets         ii- Osteomalacia

47.             Deficiency of which Vitamin causes Osteomalacia?  Write down one symptom.

Ans:     Deficiency of vitamin D causes osteomalacia.  It can produce “soft bones” and risk for fractures in bones.

48.             What type of diseases occur due to the deficiency of vitamin D?

Ans:     Due to deficiency of vitamin D there is a disease called rickets in children in which bones weakens and osteomalacia in which increases risk of fracture in bones.

49.                            Write down the importance of water for human./ How water is important in our diet?

Ans:    1- Approximately 60% of the adult human body is composed of water.

2- Nearly all life sustaining chemical reactions require an aqueous environment.

3- Water also functions as the environment in which water soluble foodstuff is absorbed in the intestines and the waste products are eliminated in urine.

4- Another essential role of water is to maintain body temperature through evaporation, as in sweating.

50.             Define dehydration.

Ans:     It is the process of loss of water.

51.             What is meant by dietary fibers?                

Ans:  Dietary fiber is the part of human food that is indigestible. It is found only in plant foods and it moves undigested through stomach and small intestine and into colon.

52.             Write down any two advantages of fibrous food.

Ans:     (i)         It helps in constipation.

            (ii)        It helps in lowering cholesterol levels.

53.             Write the role of dietary fibers in human diet.  

Ans:     Dietary fiber is the part of human food that is indigestible. It is found only in plants food and it moves undigested through stomach and small intestine and into colon.

54.             Why full grain bread is better than white bread,

Ans:     Because grain bread or wheat bread is the part of the dietary fibers.

55.             Differentiate between insoluble and soluble dietary fibers.

Ans:   

Insoluble dietary fibers	Soluble dietary fibers
They travels quickly through small intestine	They breaks down as it passes through alimentary canal.
Its sources are wheat bran, cereals and skin of many fruits and vegetables.	2- Its sources are oats, beans, barley          and many fruits and vegetables.

56.             Define balance diet.                                                                          

Ans:     A balanced diet may be defined as the one which contains all the essential nutrients in correct proportion for the normal growth and development of body. A balanced diet is related to one’s age, gender and activity.

57.             Why is balanced diet essential? Which are the nutrients present in it?

Ans:    Humans require various types of nutrients in order to keep them healthy and fit. These nutrient should be taken appropriately in diet.

            The nutrients present in the balance diet are carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

58.             Define malnutrition.                                                                       

Ans:     The problems related to the nutrition are grouped as malnutrition. It is also refered to under nutrition resulting from inadequate consumption, poor absorption or excessive loss of nutrients. 

59.             What is under nutrition? Give an example.                                

Ans:      It means that inadequate consumption, poor absorption or exercises loss of Nutrients called under nutrition. e.g. children with merasmus show poor growth and look small for their age.

60.             Define starvation.                                                               

Ans:     Starvation is a severe reduction in nutrients and energy intake and is the  most horrible effect of malnutrition.

61.             Write down the major causes of over nutrients.

Ans:     (i)         It causes reduction in daily physical activity.

(ii)        High intake of carbohydrates and fats leads to obesity, diabetes and cardio vascular diseases.

62.             What are common forms of malnutrition?

Ans:     (A) Protein deficiency         

(i) Kwashiorkor          (ii)   Marasmus

             (B)        Mineral deficiency  

             (i) Goiter                      (ii) Anemia

63.             What is kwashiorkor?  Or    Write down a few lines on a disease Kwashiorkor.

Ans:     Kwashiorkor is disease occurs due to protein deficiency at the age about 12 months when breast feeding is discontinued. It can also develop at any time during a child’s growing years children may grow to normal height but are abnormally thin.

64.             What do you know about Marasmus?                             

Ans: Marasmus is a disease usually developed between the age six months and one year patient lose all their body fat and muscle strength and acquire a skeletal appearance. Children with marasmus show poor growth and look small for age.

65.             Write the symptoms of goiter and Anemia.       

Ans:     If sufficient iodine is not available in a person diet thyroid gland becomes enlarged and cause swelling in Neck.

If body fails to receive amount of iron adequate no of hemoglobin, molecular are not formed. Then the patient is weak and there is a shortage of oxygen supply.

66.             Write down the name of two diseases caused by minerals deficiency.

Ans:     1- Goiter         2- Anemia.

67.             What is goiter? What are its causes?/  Describe the reason of disease Goiter. Also write   its effects on body.                                

Ans:    Goiter is condition caused by an insufficient amount of iodine in diet. Iodine is used by the thyroid gland to produce hormones that control the body’s normal functioning and growth. If sufficient iodine is not available in a person’s diet, thyroid gland becomes enlarged and it results in swelling in neck.

            Causes: Insufficient amount of iodine in diet.

68.             What is anemia? Write down its causes.                         

Ans:    Anemia is common of all mineral deficiency diseases. The term anemia literally means “a lack of blood”. It is caused when the number of red blood cells is reduced than the normal.

69.             Give causes of obesity./ What is mean obesity.            

Ans:     Obesity may due to malnutrition people who take food that contains energy more than their requirements and do very little physical work can be obese.

70.             What is famine? What is the major cause of famine?   

Ans:      It is a severe reduction in nutrient and energy intake and is the most horrible

effect of malnutrition. The major causes of famines are unequal distribution of food, drought, flooding are increasing population.  

71.             Write down decades of Ethiopian and North Korean famine.

Ans:    Ethiopian Famine Decade: 1983 – 1985

            North Korean Famine Decade: 1990s

72.             What is drought? Write down any of its two demerits.              

Ans:     (i) A drought is a period of time when there is not enough water to

            Support agricultural and human needs.

            (ii) Drought decrease or even stop the crop yield.

            (iii) Drought results in famine.

73.             What is world food program (WFP)? Write its function.

Ans:    WFP: The world food program is the food aid branch of the United Nations.

Function: It is the world’s largest agency providing food to more than 90 million people in 80 countries.

74.             Differentiate between Assimilation and Absorption.

Ans:     Assimilation: It is the conversion of simple food into complex substances.

            Absorption: It is the diffusion of digested food into blood and lymph.

75.             Differentiate between Digestion and Defecation./ What is digestion?

Ans:     The process of breaking up complex substances into simple substances is called digestion. Elimination of undigested food from the body called defecation.

76.             Differentiate between ingestion and defecation.

Ans:    Defection: Elimination of undigested food from the body.

            Ingestion: The process of taking in food

77.             Differentiate between ingestion and digestion.

Ingestion	Digestion
The process of taking in food	The process of breaking up complex substances into simpler substances.

 

 

 

 

 

78.             Name the part of Human Alimentary Canal.

Ans:     Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomachs, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands.

79.             What is oral cavity? Write its two functions.

Ans: It is the space behind the mouth and has many vital functions in digestion of Food.

80.             What is the function of oral cavity in digestion?

Ans:                                                                 

1-     Food selection                                    

2-     Mastication

81.             Define mastication.

Ans:     Mastication:  The grinding of food by teeth in oral cavity is called mastication or chewing.

82.             Difference between bolus and chyme. / Define Bolus./ how is bolus formed?

Ans:     Bolus:  During the process chewing, lubrication and semi-digestion, the pieces of food are rolled up by the tongue into small, slippery and spherical mass called bolus.

Chyme: The starch in our bite and the protein in mutton have been partially digested and the food has been converted into soup like mixture called chyme.

83.             Define Churning./ Write two function of churning.                   

Ans:     The walls of stomach contract and relax and these movements help in through mixing of gastric juice and food. This action also produces heat which helps to melt the lipid content of food.

84.             What is sphincter?  Describe its types.

Ans:     These are the opening which is guarded by muscles. Types are cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter.  It helps in the digestion of lipids through emulsification.

85.             Which sphincters play role in the movement of food in and out of stomach?

Ans:   

1-     Cardiac sphincter     

2-     Pyloric sphincter

86.             What is meant by cardiac sphincter?

Ans:    Cardiac sphincter is between the stomach and oesophagus.

87.             What is the effect of HCI on Pepsin?

Ans:  HCl effect on pepsin:  Pepsin is not released in its active form rather it is secreted as inactive pepsinogen, which requires HCl for activation HCl converts the inactive pepsinogens into its active form i.e. pepsin. HCl makes pepsin active to digest the protein portion of food (bulk of mutton) into polypeptides and shorter peptide chains.

88.             Write down two functions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) for stomach./ What is effect of Hclon pepsinogen.

Ans:   

1- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into its active form i.e. pepsin.

2- HCl also kills microorganisms present in food.

89.             Differentiate between Pepsin and Pepsinogen.

Ans:     Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active form called pepsin. Gastric juice composed chiefly of mucous, hydrochloric acid, and a protein-digesting enzyme pepsinogen.

90.        Describe the function of Pepsin in Stomach.

Ans:     Pepsins a powerful protein digesting enzyme.

91.             What is gastrin?

Ans:     Peptides stimulate some cells of stomach walls to release a hormone called gastrin.

92.             What is gastric Juice? Name the enzyme present in gastric juice./ Write a note gastric gland.  

Ans:  Secretion of gastric glands in stomach. Pepsin enzyme present in gastric juice.

93.             Define peristalsis./What do you mean peristalsis.        

Ans:     Peristalsis is defined as the waves of contraction and relaxation in smooth muscles of elementary canal walls. Peristalsis move food from oral cavity to rectum.

94.             Write the names of two juices secreted in small intestine of man.

Ans:     Pancreatic juice, intestinal juice.

95.             Give the role of bile in digestion.

Ans:     Bile from liver help in digestion of lipids through emulsification by keeping lipid droplets separate from another.

96.             What is bile juice and what is its function?

Ans:        It is the juice which is released from the liver. Bile helps in the digestion of lipids through emulsification.

97.             What are bile pigments?

Ans:    Bile contains pigments that are the by-products of red blood cell destruction in liver; these bile pigments are eliminated from body with faeces.

98.             Define villi.

Ans:     There are circular folds in the inner wall of ileum. These folds have numerous finger like projections called villi.

99.             Write three parts of large intestine.

Ans:     Caecum, Colon and rectum.

100.        Give two functions of large intestine.                              

Ans:     (i) Elimination of faeces.

(ii) Absorption of water and salt.

101.        What type of bacteria live in colon?

Ans:    Many bacteria live in colon. They produce vitamin K, which is necessary for the coagulations of blood.

102.        What is appendix?                                                               

Ans:  A non-functional finger like process called appendix arises from the blind end of caecum. Inflammation of appendix due to infection causes severe pain. The infected appendix must be removed surgically otherwise it may burst and inflammation may spread in abdomen.

103.        Which is the largest gland of human body and where it is located?

Ans:     Liver is the largest gland of human body. It lies beneath the diaphragm on the right hand side of abdomen.

104.        Write the weight and size of liver in an adult human.

Ans:     In an adult human its weight is about 1.5kg and its size is like foot hall.

105.        Write any two functions of liver.

Ans:     1. Digestion     2.  Deamination       3.  Converts ammonia into urea.

106.        Describe any two functions of liver beside digestion.   

Ans:     It destroys the old red blood cells. It converts ammonia to less toxic form urea.

107.        What is Diarrhoea and what are its causes?

 Ans:     It is a condition in which the patient has frequent watery, loose water

            movements. It can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting

108.        Write down two symptoms of diarrhea.                         

Ans:     Loose motion, vomiting.

109.        What is constipation? How can it be treated?                

Ans:    Constipation is condition where a person experiences hard faeces that are difficult to eliminate.

            Treatment: Treatment of constipation is with a change in dietary and exercise habits. The medicine called laxatives (e.g. paraffin) are used for treatment.

110.        Give symptoms of constipation.

Ans:    Symptoms of constipation are hard faeces that are difficult to eliminate.

111.        What are the main causes of constipation?        

Ans:     Excessive absorption of water through colon, insufficient intake of dietary fiber, dehydration, use of medicine and tumours in rectum or anus.

112.        Write down two types of stomach ulcer.

Ans:     Peptic Ulcer, gastric ulcer

113.        What are the major causes of ulcer?                                            

Ans:     Long term use of anti-inflammatory medicines, smoking, drinking coffee, colas and eating spicy foods.

114.        What is peptic ulcer?

Ans:    Ulcer or peptic ulcer is a sore in the inner wall of gut (in oesophagus, duodenum or stomach).